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An airway obstruction is most likely evident Lung volumes: – FEV 1 – forced expiratory volume – FVC – forced vital capacity – FEV 1/FVC – helps to indicate lung problems l e.g. How quickly air can be moved into or out of lung based upon time Static Lung Volumes Dynamic Lung Volumes l Depend on 2 factors: – Volume of air moved – Speed of air movement l Examples of dynamic Limitation l Dynamic – denote power components of lung, i.e. how much air can be moved into or out of lungs without time Pull ribs back down and in Lung Volumes l Static – denote dimensional components of Muscles pull ribs up and out l Expiration (during exercise) – Internal intercostals and abdominals Inspiratory movements l Pressure gradientīetween air inside and air outside lungs l Expiration (at rest) – Passive process l Diaphram relaxes l Pressureĭifferential (greater inside than out, so air moves out) Mechanics of Ventilation l Inspiration (during exercise) – External intercostals and scaleni

To be pulled into lungs due to pressure differential – Degree of filling due to: l Magnitude of Rest) – Diaphragm contracts and moves downward l Causing outside air

Positive pressure ventilation (i.e.And Exercise The Pulmonary System Major Functions of Pulmonary System l Supply O 2 required in metabolism l Eliminate CO 2 produced in metabolism l Regulate to maintain acid-base balance Mechanics of Ventilation l Inspiration (at.Neck extension and jaw protrusion (can increase it twofold).General anesthesia – multifactorial, including loss of skeletal muscle tone and bronchoconstrictor tone.The ratio of physiologic dead space to tidal volume is usually about 1/3. Alveolar dead space is the volume of gas within unperfused alveoli (and thus not participating in gas exchange either) it is usually negligible in the healthy, awake patient. Anatomic dead space is the volume of gas within the conducting zone (as opposed to the transitional and respiratory zones) and includes the trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles it is approximately 2 mL/kg in the upright position. Physiologic or total dead space is the sum of anatomic dead space and alveolar dead space. Dead space is the volume of a breath that does not participate in gas exchange.